ENERGIESENERGIES THE ENERGIES SEACBANK
The ENERGIES is one of our specialities in seacbank. We report us and we continue each step that is given in the world on each one of the produits. we cover the technology give them Natural Gas and Oil, which permits us to put the best informations to our clients and to assess it in the better way so that can buy and to sell its contracts of produits without the smaller problems.
Dear clients and students of the commodity markets, the following information should answer your questions about Natural Gas Futures and Options.
MARKET CONTRACTS NATURAL GAS - OIL
MARKET IPE.
The International Petroleum Exchange, based in London, is one of the world's largest energy futures and options exchanges. Brent Crude is a world benchmark for oil prices, but the exchange also handles futures contracts and options on Oil gas, natural gas, electricity (baseload and peakload), and, as of 22 April 2005, European Climate Exchange (ECX). The exchange has been known as ICE Futures since 2005.
-NATURAL GAS Natural Gas Futures Facts Did you know that 900 of the next 1000 US power plants will use natural gas within the next few years? Domestically produced and readily available to end-users through the existing utility infrastructure, natural gas has also become increasingly popular as an alternative transportation fuel. Natural gas accounts for almost a quarter of United States energy consumption, and the NYMEX Division natural gas future contract is widely used as a national benchmark price. The natural gas futures contract trades in units of 10,000 million British thermal units (mmBtu). The price is based on delivery at the Henry Hub in Louisiana, the nexus of 16 intra- and interstate natural gas pipeline systems that draw supplies from the region's prolific gas deposits. The pipelines serve markets throughout the U.S. East Coast, the Gulf Coast, the Midwest, and up to the Canadian border. A natural gas options contract and calendar spread options contracts provide additional risk management opportunities. During the September 11 terrorist attacks the NYMEX was destroyed but within days the natural gas futures and natural gas options markets were trading again. This is a testament to the strength and viability of the energy future markets. The natural gas futures markets are a perfect example of the pure bastion of capitalism that the futures markets represent. There are many corporate uses for natural gas futures. The spread between the natural gas future contract and electricity future contract– the spark spread – can be used to manage price risk in the power markets and utility plants. Contact us at seacbank.com for specific natural gas future and option data or click the open an account button on the left to open your natural gas future or option account today.
Contract Specifications
Henry Hub Natural Gas Future and Natural Gas Option Contract Trading Unit
Natural Gas Futures: 10,000 million British thermal units (mmBtu).
Natural Gas options: One NYMEX Division natural gas future contract. Price Quotation
Natural Gas Futures and Options: Dollars and cents per mmBtu, for example, $2.630 per mmBtu. Trading Hours
Natural Gas Futures and Options: Open outcry trading is conducted from 10:00 A.M. until 2:30 P.M.
After hours natural gas future trading is conducted via internet-based trading platform beginning at 3:15 P.M. on Mondays through Thursdays and concluding at 9:30 A.M. the following day. On Sundays, the session begins at 7:00 P.M. All times are New York time. Trading Months
Natural Gas Futures: 72 consecutive months commencing with the next calendar month (for example, on January 21, 2001, trading occurs in all months from February 2001 through January 2009). Options: 12 consecutive months, plus contracts initially listed 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, and 72 months out on a March, June, September, December cycle. Minimum Price Fluctuation
Natural Gas Futures and Options: $0.001 (0.1¢) per mmBtu ($10.00 per contract) Therefore a $1 move up or down is equal to $10,000 per natural gas futures contract. Maximum Daily Price Fluctuation
Natural Gas Futures: $3.00 per mmBtu ($30,000 per contract) for all months. If any contract is traded, bid, or offered at the limit for five minutes, trading is halted for five minutes. When trading resumes, the limit is expanded by $3.00 per mmBtu in either direction. If another halt were triggered, the market would continue to be expanded by $3.00 per mmBtu in either direction after each successive five-minute trading halt. There will be no maximum price fluctuation limits during any one trading session. Options: No price limits. Last Trading Day
Natural Gas Futures: Trading terminates three business days prior to the first calendar day of the delivery month. Options: Trading terminates at the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the expiration of the underlying futures contract. Exercise of Options
By a clearing member to the Exchange clearinghouse not later than 5:30 P.M. or 45 minutes after the underlying natural gas future settlement price is posted, whichever is later, on any day up to and including the options expiration. Option Strike Prices
Twenty strike prices in increments of $0.05 (5¢) per mmBtu above and below the at-the-money strike price in all months, plus an additional 20 strike prices in increments of $0.05 per mmBtu above the at-the-money price will be offered in the first three nearby months, and the next 10 strike prices in increments of $0.25 (25¢) per mmBtu above the highest and below the lowest existing strike prices in all months for a total of at least 81 strike prices in the first three nearby months and a total of at least 61 strike prices for four months and beyond. The at-the-money strike price is nearest to the previous day's close of the underlying natural gas future contract. Strike price boundaries are adjusted according to futures price movements. Delivery Location
Sabine Pipe Line Co.'s Henry Hub in Louisiana. Seller is responsible for the movement of the gas through the Hub; the buyer, from the Hub. The Hub fee will be paid by seller. Delivery Period
Delivery shall take place no earlier than the first calendar day of the delivery month and shall be completed no later than the last calendar day of the delivery month. All deliveries shall be made at as uniform as possible an hourly and daily rate of flow over the course of the delivery month. Alternate Delivery Procedure (ADP)
An alternate delivery procedure is available to buyers and sellers who have been matched by the Exchange subsequent to the termination of trading in the spot month contract. If buyer and seller agree to consummate delivery under terms different from those prescribed in the contract specifications, they may proceed on that basis after submitting a notice of their intention to the Exchange. Exchange of Futures For, or in Connection with, Physicals (EFP) or Swaps (EFS)
The commercial buyer or seller may exchange a futures position for a physical position or a swaps position of equal quantity by submitting a notice to the Exchange. EFPs and EFSs may be used to either initiate or liquidate a futures position. Quality Specifications
Pipeline specifications in effect at time of delivery. Position Accountability limits
any one month / all months: 12,000 net futures, but not to exceed 1,000 in the last three days of trading in the spot month or 5,000 in any one month. Trading Symbols
Futures: NG CRUDE OIL FUTURE
Light Sweet Crude Oil Futures Market Crude oil keeps America’s economy running. Currently, crude oil supplies more than 40% of our total energy demands and more than 99% of the fuel we use in our cars and trucks. Crude oil futures are the world's most actively traded commodity, and the NYMEX Division light, sweet crude oil futures contract is the world's most liquid forum for crude oil future trading, as well as the world's largest-volume futures contract trading on a physical commodity. Because of its excellent liquidity and price transparency, the contract is used as a principal international pricing benchmark. Additional risk management and trading opportunities are offered through options on the crude oil future contract; calendar spread options; crack spread options on the pricing differential of heating oil future contracts and crude oil future contracts and gasoline futures and crude oil futures; and average price options. The NYMEX crude oil future contract may be the most important energy future contract in the world. The contract trades in units of 1,000 barrels, and the delivery point is Cushing, Oklahoma, which is also accessible to the international spot markets via pipelines. The crude oil contract provides for delivery of several grades of domestic and internationally traded foreign crude oils, and serves the diverse needs of the physical crude oil market. Contact us at seacbank.com for specific crude oil future and crude oil option data or click on the open an account button to open your crude oil future or crude oil options account today.
The Crude Oil Futures Contracts New York Mercantile Exchange Middle East crude oil future contract trades with prices quoted in dollars and cents per barrel ($00.00/bbl) and a contract unit of 1,000 barrels. The max/min price fluctuation rules are consistent with the Exchange's light, sweet crude oil future contract as are settlement procedures up through the termination of regular trading, which is the final business day prior to the delivery month. (E.g. September 30 for an October contract). After the last day of regular trading, final settlement of the crude oil futures contract is based on cash settlement against the cumulative monthly average of the index over the course of the contract month. On the second business day of the contract month, open positions are marked-to-market, based on the average of the index on the first business day of the month. The index for each business day is calculated by the Exchange, averaged with those prices from previous business days in the month, and published on the Exchange website and through other distribution channels. The calculation of the final crude oil futures settlement price is completed on the final business date of the contract month (e.g. October 30 for the October 1997 contract).
The Index The New York Mercantile Exchange Middle East crude oil futures index is a calculation based on assessments of Dubai and Oman crude oil published by six price reporting services which include Bloomberg, ICIS-LOR, Petroleum Argus, Reuters, RIM Intelligence, and Telerate. The index is published by the Exchange each business day for the previous business date. Each of the prices reporting services provide multiple price assessments for Dubai and Oman crude throughout the global trading day; some more than others. The average of all of the intra-day Dubai assessments and the average of all of the intra-day Oman assessments of each price reporting service is used for calculation of the index. To calculate the index, six assessments are collected for Dubai crude oil and six assessments for Oman crude oil (one for Dubai and one for Oman from each of the six price reporting services). For each of the referenced crude oils, the high and low prices are eliminated and the four middle prices are averaged to determine the Dubai and Oman components of the index. These prices are posted anonymously, without identifying the individual price reporting service. If there are less than five contributions to the index, the outliers are not removed and, if there are less than three contributions, the index is not published for that business date. The components are then averaged together to calculate the New York Mercantile Exchange Middle East crude oil index. The Exchange publishes the Dubai component, the Oman component, the index, and the running average of the index each day. For each business date during a crude oil futures contract month, the index is calculated (see formula below) and published on the following business day by 10:00 A.M. NYT on the Exchange website nymex.com. In addition to publishing the Dubai component, the Oman component, and the index each day, a running average of the index is published, and is the basis of marking-to-market calculations for variation margin payments on positions carried to final settlement. The final settlement is determined on the final business day of the crude oil futures contract month.
MEC Index Daily Calculation (formula) Six Dubai Contributions >From Price Reports
Six Oman Contributions >From Price Reports
Calculate Index on Exchange Business Days Daily Index = (AVG. OF DUBAI*) + (AVG. OF OMAN*)
2 * Remove outliers (high and low) if there are at least five contributions
Index is not published if there are fewer than three contributors The New York Mercantile Exchange owns trade name and trademark rights to The New York Mercantile Exchange Middle East Sour Crude Oil Index ("Index").
Contract Specifications
Light, Sweet Crude Oil Future Contract Trading Unit
Crude Oil Futures: 1,000 U.S. barrels (42,000 gallons).
Crude Oil Options: One NYMEX Division light, sweet crude oil futures contract. Price Quotation
Crude Oil Futures and Options: Dollars and cents per barrel. Trading Hours
Crude Oil Futures and Options: Open outcry trading is conducted from 10:00 A.M. until 2:30 P.M. After hours crude oil futures trading are conducted via internet-based trading platform beginning at 3:15 P.M. on Mondays through Thursdays and concluding at 9:30 A.M. the following day. On Sundays, the session begins at 7:00 P.M. All times are New York time. Trading Months
Crude Oil Futures: 30 consecutive months plus long-dated futures initially listed 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 months prior to delivery. Additionally, trading can be executed at an average differential to the previous day's settlement prices for periods of two to 30 consecutive months in a single transaction. These calendar strips are executed during open outcry trading hours. Crude oil options: 12 consecutive months, plus three long-dated options at 18, 24, and 36 months out on a June/December cycle. Minimum Price Fluctuation
Crude oil Futures and Options: $0.01 (1¢) per barrel ($10.00 per contract). Maximum Daily Price Fluctuation
Crude Oil Futures: $10.00 per barrel ($10,000 per contract) for all months. If any contract is traded, bid, or offered at the limit for five minutes, trading is halted for five minutes. When trading resumes, the limit is expanded by $10.00 per barrel in either direction. If another halt were triggered, the market would continue to be expanded by $10.00 per barrel in either direction after each successive five-minute trading halt. There will be no maximum price fluctuation limits during any one trading session. Crude oil options: No price limits. Last Trading Day
Crude Oil Futures: Trading terminates at the close of business on the third business day prior to the 25th calendar day of the month proceeding the delivery month. If the 25th calendar day of the month is a non-business day, trading shall cease on the third business day prior to the last business day proceeding the 25th calendar day. Crude oil options: Trading ends three business days before the underlying futures contract. Exercise of Options
By a clearing member to the Exchange clearinghouse not later than 5:30 P.M., or 45 minutes after the underlying futures settlement price is posted, whichever is later, on any day up to and including the option's expiration. Options Strike Prices
Twenty strike prices in increments of $0.50 (50¢) per barrel above and below the at-the-money strike price, and the next ten strike prices in increments of $2.50 above the highest and below the lowest existing strike prices for a total of at least 61 strike prices. The at-the-money strike price is nearest to the previous day's close of the underlying futures contract. Strike price boundaries are adjusted according to the futures price movements. Delivery
F.O.B. seller's facility, Cushing, Oklahoma, at any pipeline or storage facility with pipeline access to TEPPCO, Cushing storage, or Equilon Pipeline Co., by in-tank transfer, in-line transfer, book-out, or inter-facility transfer (pump over). Delivery Period
All deliveries are ratable over the course of the month and must be initiated on or after the first calendar day and completed by the last calendar day of the delivery month. Alternate Delivery Procedure (ADP)
An alternate delivery procedure is available to buyers and sellers who have been matched by the Exchange subsequent to the termination of trading in the spot month contract. If buyer and seller agree to consummate delivery under terms different from those prescribed in the contract specifications, they may proceed on that basis after submitting a notice of their intention to the Exchange. Exchange of Futures for, or in Connection with, Physicals (EFP)
The commercial buyer or seller may exchange a futures position for a physical position of equal quantity by submitting a notice to the Exchange. EFPs may be used to either initiate or liquidate a futures position. Deliverable Grades
Specific domestic crude oils with 0.42% sulfur by weight or less, not less than 37° API gravity or more than 42° API gravity. The following domestic crude streams are deliverable: West Texas Intermediate, Low Sweet Mix, New Mexican Sweet, North Texas Sweet, Oklahoma Sweet, and South Texas Sweet. Specific foreign crude oils of not less than 34° API or more than 42° API. The following foreign streams are deliverable: U.K. Brent and Forties, and Norwegian Oseberg Blend, for which the seller shall receive a 30¢-per-barrel discount below the final settlement price; Nigerian Bonny Light and Colombian Cusiana, are delivered at 15¢ premiums; and Nigerian Qua Iboe is delivered at a 5¢ premium. Inspection
Inspection shall be conducted in accordance with pipeline practices. A buyer or seller may appoint an inspector to inspect the quality of oil delivered. However, the buyer or seller who requests the inspection will bear its costs and will notify the other party of the transaction that the inspection will occur. Position Accountability limits
Any one month/all months: 20,000 net futures, but not to exceed 1,000 in the last three days of trading in the spot month. Margin Requirements
Margins are required for open futures or short options positions. The margin requirement for an options purchaser will never exceed the premium. Trading Symbols
Futures: CL
Products [CN]  -OIL -PETROLEUM -Process equipment and system integration services provide modular systems and components used to process fluids, gases, and powders; including process skids, distillation equipment, evaporators, and solvent recovery systems. -Petroleum and mineral oil products include substances such as fluids and greases. There are three major types of petroleum products: fuels such as gasoline, jet fuel, fuel oil, and diesel fuel; nonfuel products such as greases, lubricating oils, and solvents; and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry such as naphtha and other refinery gases, which are in turn used to produce textiles, fertilizers, plastics, drugs, and synthetic rubber. Petroleum and mineral oil products include, transmission fluids, power steering and brake fluids, bearing and gear oils, compressor oils, heat transfer fluids, industrial cleaners, rock drill oils, saw guide oils, textile oils, transformer oils, cutting oils, rust inhibitors, way lubricants, and journal oils. Anti-freeze can also be a petroleum product. Mineral oil or liquid petrolatum is a byproduct in the production of gasoline. Mineral oil product has relatively low value and is produced in very large quantities. It is available in light and heavy grades, and is used in lotions, ointments, pharmaceuticals and costmetic products. Refined mineral oil is used as transformer oil. Mineral oil products are also used as lubricants and coolants. Petroleum and mineral oil products include a broad range of hydrocarbon-based substances of varying chemical compositions and a wide variety of physical properties such as density, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, surface tension, and specific gravity. For this reason, specifications for petroleum and mineral oil products vary widely, depending on the specific product. The proper selection of a petroleum and mineral oil product must also take application requirements into account. Business with OIL Energy PRODUCTS FOR PETROLEUM INDUSTRIE THE EVAPORATORS Energy production, mining and exploration service providers specialize in electrical power generation, oil and gas exploration and extraction, fuel refining and other utility related services. Evaporators.Convert materials from a liquid to a gaseous state. They consist of a heat exchanger or bath, valves, manifolds and temperature controls. Many types of evaporators are available. Their evaporator products are engineered with safety and efficiency as top priorities and to give their customers the best evaporator solution for processing wastewater. Evaporators vary in terms evaporation rate, system capacity, and feed tank capacity.Power sources for evaporators include electricity, fuel oil, hot oil, hot water, natural gas, liquid propane, and steam.Each evaporator system can save you tens of thousands of dollars in dramatically reduced disposal costs, reduced labor, and elimination of monitoring and sewer fees. In the petroleum industry, evaporators are used for gas recovery, liquid recycling, and offshore production. There are alternative technologies to consider for handling industrial wastewater such as chemical treatment and membrane technology. WATER SEPARATORS
manufactures custom oil / water separators to match your specifications.
Oil / water separators are used in many industries, from food processing to heavy manufacturing to wastewater treatment and marine applications. Another important use for oil / water separators is in diesel engines. A diesel fuel water separator is a device that removes the background humidity from diesel fuel before the mixture can reach sensitive engine components where the water can cause wear or damage. Liquid – liquid mixtures must be settled and coalesced before they can be separated. Gravity Settlers or decanters can be either horizontal or vertical vessels designed to continuously settle, coalesce, and withdraw settled liquids. Cyclones and centrifuges have also been used for separating liquid/liquid mixtures by enhancing the settling rate and reducing the separation time. AIR PRODUCTS
manufacturing and engineering industrial compressed air and process cooling equipment for a variety of industries.
Serves customers in technology ,energy,healthcare and industrial markets worldwide with a unique portofolio of products and services providing atmospheric gases ,process and specialty gases They bring you a diverse group of industrial products specifically tailored to the distributors needs. Refrigerated dryers, desiccant dryers, filters, drains, safety valves, receivers, -POWER GENERATORS
Electrical Power Generators
Electrical power generators transform mechanical energy into electrical energy, typically for backup or emergency power. Generators can produce either AC or DC power and are typically powered by a fuel engine.
Electrical power generators can be customized with a wide range of attachments, components, and performance options. These range from simple electromechanical devices to advanced digital microprocessor-based controls, remote communication capabilities, sound-attenuated and weather-protected enclosures, fuel tank bases, silencers, batteries, alternators, governors, air cleaners, starting aids, and cooling options Gasoline and diesel electrical power generators often feature reduced emissions, open and pre-chamber designs, fast-burn pistons, and low-overlap cams
1-DIESEL GENERATORS
Diesel Generator Sets
offering the largest range of specifications available.
The generator set is designed primarily for standby, prime and load management applications. It offers the latest in engine design technology to provide emissions compliance without sacrificing power density or fuel economy. 2-GAS GENERATOR
Gas generators provide an onsite supply of gas, vapor or humidity (water vapor) eliminating the need for delivery in gas cylinders, which can be bulky and may have special storage requirements. Gas generators provide a continuous supply of high purity gas from existing compressed air. Gas generators can be used in a variety of applications including general industrial, military, wastewater treatment and disinfection, odor control, chromatography, general laboratory, air pollution and calibration. There are several parameters that are important in specifying gas generators. These include concentration, purity, flow rate, inlet pressure and outlet pressure
gas engines are driving some powerful new changes in the way we see our world. All specifications offer high reliability, durability and fuel flexibility to burn fuels from the low energy landfill gas or bio-gas to pipeline natural gas to field gases. * Ratings from 11kW to 4,900kW
* High output, low emissions
* Simple, robust design for long life
* Heavy-duty components
ignition system and engine supervisory system on most models
* Optimized systems for low-energy applications
* Single source for complete power solutions
* Turnkey support * Ratings from 12kW to 10,475kW
* Emissions compliance with most worldwide regulations
* Simple to specify and purchase, Easy to install and operate
* Wide range of factory-designed options
* Low life-cycle costs
* Excellent transient response and steady state performance
* World-class fuel efficiency
* Single source for complete power solutions
* * Charcoal ( ) * Coal ( ) * Coal Gas ( ) * Electricity ( ) * Energy Agents ( ) * Energy Projects ( ) Investment Opportunity Biodiesel Projects
The concentration of biodiesel blends with diesel fuel effect the particulate emissions of internal combustion engines. One general tendency can be observed: blends with a biodiesel content up to 50% show a tendency of a slight (5% up to 30%) reduction in particulate emissions compared to diesel fuel, when used in diesel engines. An optimization of fuel and engine parameters can result in a reduction of particulate emissions from auto engines, when biodiesel is properly added to conventional diesel fuel.
It is concluded that the storage of biodiesel does not have to be problematic, when care is taken of fuel properties and material compatibility.
Manifold * Natural Gas ( ) Lng LPG Power Plant gas
Gas production can include specialty gases, such as ammonia or helium, or argon for use in laser applications.
An industrial gas generator is specified by several parameters, including gas concentration and purity, inlet and outlet pressure, and flow rate. Industrial gas generation equipment is used frequently in power storage applications, the production of food and chemicals, and the processing of metals and electronics components.
A natural gas generator is an alternate power supply that uses natural gas to produce electrical power and are frequently used a back-up power source in the event of black-outs and brown-outs.
* Petroleum & Products ( )
Petroleum molecules come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes The methane in natural gas is the simplest and smallest. By comparison, the molecules in paraffin wax and asphalt are complex and enormous. These hydrocarbon molecules are sorted, split apart, reassembled and blended at refineries and petrochemical plants. There, they become part of a multitude of products, from gasoline to synthetic rubber. A Versatile Energy Source The petroleum industry exists because people have become accustomed to the benefits oil products and natural gas provide - benefits like convenient, affordable transportation, warm homes and thousands of synthetic materials Crude And Refined Products o Bitumen ( ) Bitumen is a non-volatile,adhesive and waterproofing material derived from residue from selected asphaltene -rich crude petroleum,which is completely or nearly completely soluble in toluene. It is a viscous and elastic thermoplastic material, brown to black in colour and very viscous or nearly solid at ambient temperatures. There are many different bitumens and bitumen products with many different fields of application in both road construction and industrial manufacturing. Bitumen shall be considered as a construction material. Bitumen is a group of substances defined in EINECS (The European Inventory of Existing Commercial Substances). The substances, defined as bitumens, are given in the Concawe Product Dossier 92/104 (Bitumens and bitumen derivatives). There are 9 entries that are defined as bitumens. Bitumens are, from a regulatory standpoint,regarded as substances,although they contain a complex mixture of high molecular weight hydrocarbons.Natural bitumen comprises bitumen or other petroleum with very high viscosity (contained in bituminous sands, oil sands or tar sands),which is not recoverable by conventional means; the petroleum is obtained either as raw bitumen (through in-situ recovery)or as a synthetic crude oil (via an integrated surface-mining plus upgrading process). Although natural bitumen are worldwide in occurrence,a single extraordinary deposit is dominant. The Alberta,Canada natural bitumen deposits comprise at least 85%of the world total bitumen in place but are so concentrated as to be virtually the only such deposits that are economically recoverable for conversion to oil. Proved amount in place is the tonnage of natural bitumen that has been carefully measured and assessed as exploitable under present and expected local economic conditions with existing available technology. Proved recoverable reserves are the tonnage of synthetic crude oil or raw bitumen that has been carefully measured and assessed as recoverable under present and expected local economic conditions with existing available technology. Bitumen - Composition Bitumens are a very complex combination of high molecular weight organic compounds containing a relatively high proportion of hydrocarbons, having carbon numbers predominantly greater than C25, with high carbon to hydrogen ratios. They also contain small amounts of various metals such as nickel, iron and vanadium. There are three main types of bitumens Paving bitumen ,usually produced from atmospheric distillation of petroleum crude oil, followed up with further processing such as vacuum distillation,thermal conversion , semi blowing or solvent precipitation.A combination of the processes can be used for production of different grades. Road paving, as the name indicates, is the principal use. Hard bitumens are manufactured in similar processes to paving bitumens,but are harder and more brittle (lower penetrations and higher softening points). The principal use is in the manufacture of flooring, bitumen paints,preservation of fibreboard,etc. Oxidised bitumens (Air blown),are produced by passing air through a bitumen feedstock, with or without presence of a catalyst (e.g. Phosphoric acid, Ferric chloride, etc), under controlled conditions. This gives product with higher softening point relative to penetration,with reduced temperature susceptibility. The main uses for oxidised bitumen include roofing material, waterproofing,electrical insulation and many other building and construction materials. o Coke ( ) Used by industries facing problem applications resulting from excessively high temperature, stress, corrosion, and friction, requiring a lightweight material solution. o Crude Oil ( ) o Fuel Oil ( ) o Graphite ( )
Graphite materials are
sold in bulk and as
finished machined
parts made to
customer furnished
specifications.
Each family of grades
has been developed
to address the unique
conditions in industries
such as semiconductor,
general industrial and
the glass industry.
Each grade of graphite
within the family has
unique characteristics
and properties that
allow the user to match
the ideal graphite
to their application.
o Lubricant ( )
Industrial lubricants
are oils, fluids,
greases and other
compounds designed
to reduce friction,
binding or wear and
exclude moisture.
vary widely in terms
of chemical composition.
Some products contain
petroleum or mineral
oils, glycol or polyglycol,
ester or diester,or
silicone-based fluids with
outstanding thermal and
dielectric properties.
o Paraffin ( ) o Vaseline ( )
Is a petroleum jelly
(mixture of wax and oil)
It is insoluble in water
and was originally
used for damp proofing
steel and in some
ointments.
o Others ( ) * Solar and Recycling Energy ( ) A form of recovery of serious thermal solar energy by means of power stations tower, that is to say, solar parks by means of parabolic collectors the photovoltaic cells are the people in charge of the transformation of the solar radiation in photovoltaic solar energy, this happens taking advantage of the properties the semiconducting materials like silicon, obtained from the sand. These cells are associated forming photovoltaic modules usually are of black color or blue dark and they are protected of the outside with one laminates of glass. The solar paddles we can find it of diverse forms, rigid or flexible (even scrollable), in panel form, of roofing tile or of window, adjustable mechanically to even catch the maximum of solar radiation what it makes increase his productivity considerably, as it is logical his prices vary considerably depending on the type of solar device of energy that we acquire. The energy produced by these panels watts are moderate Wp tip that is the Maxima generated power to 25 ºC of temperature 1 Kw/m2, also the produced energy will be moderate in Kwh, that is to say, the Maxima energy that would take place in conditions of Maxima power during 1 hour. * UPS & Power Supply ( ) Uninterruptile Power Supply(UPS) is an electronic device that continues to supply electric power to thead load foar a certain periods of time during a loss of utility power or when the line voltage varies outside normal limits.Its typical application is computer backup power. The generic standard of UPS is IEC-62040-3,wich defines limits on the amplitude and duration of desviation of the output voltage acceptable for switching power supply (SMPS)loads. To make a power supply uninterruptible you need and energy storing backup battery ,an AC-DC charger and an DC-AC inverter.There are there main types of UPS power backup devices.Standby Line Interactive and Online. All of them use UPS battery backup when the input fails, but under normal conditions they handle the power differenty. Standby UPS includes a transfer that switches the load to the battery /inverter should the primary AC power source fails. A typical transfer time is 1-5ms during which the power to the load is momentarily interrupted. The equipment's power supply should have old up("ride through")time larger then UPS transfer time. A typical power factor corrected (PFC)SMPS has 10-20ms old up - time which is enough to avoid glitches.Since the inverter operates in standby mode and starts up only when input power fails ,this UPS type has the highest efficiency (95-97)% reliability and it is also the cheapest one.Note in some older UPS the inverter produces square- wave type output rather then sinusoidal. The Ferroresonant type of Standby UPS has an additional ferroresonant transformer that shapes output voltage and stores some energy for a smoother transfer .Its main drawback is instability when it is loaded by PFC SMPS. Line interactive UPS under normal condition smoothes and to some degree regulates the input AC voltage by a filter and a tap chanching transformer.The bi- directional inverter/charger is always connected to the output of the UPS and uses a portion of AC power too keep the battery charged.When the input power fails ,the transfer switch disconnects AC input the battery/ inverter provides output power. Its typical efficiency is 90-96%. Online UPS always delivers all or at least a portion of the output power through its inverter even under normal line conditions. There are two main types of on- line UPS:double conversion and delta conversion. Double Conversion Online UPS is continuously processing the whole power through series connected AC -DC rectifier /charger and DC-AC inverter.Although such type provides PFC and better output power quality then the previous types,the double conversion is resulting in reduced efficiency (80-90%typical). Delta Conversion Online UPS Includes and additional "Delta Converter "that delives a portion of the load and provides power factor correction .Such partial bypassing the rectifier/inverter stages durind normal operation results in higher efficiency (up to 97%) About intelligent high
stabilized UPS power
supply system in power
frequency which is
constituted of contravariantor,
DSP, control for accumulator's
charge and recharge and
automatic protection circuits.
This system can guarantee
uninterruptible power supply
in any condition, and the
voltage,frequency and waveform
are also reliable.
* Others ( )
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